Z-level
Z-Levels are the various maps with set borders that contain the playable areas of SS13. Moving off the edge of a z-level in space will place you somewhere on the opposite edge of the debris z-level. There are three different z-levels in SS13, each one serving a different purpose.
Normal space
Station
This z-level contains the station or ship. It also contains the Syndicate Teleporter, as well as a few other items of mild interest around the borders.
Leaving this z-level from any edge will send you to the debris field.
Debris field
A section of deep space long abandoned by Nanotrasen and Syndicate alike, the debris field is loaded with derelict stations, abandoned ships, dangerous attack drones, and plenty of goodies for the adventurous (and well-prepared) scavenger. It's also home to the more habitable Mining Outpost and space diner for those looking for a place to relax off-station.
Leaving the debris field via any edge will place you on the opposite edge of Mining Level (i.e. going off the left edge of debris will put you on the right side of Mining Level). Travelling back to the normal z-level requires a wormhole, teleportation, or the Mining Shuttle (now available on every map).
Mining Level
A mining zone filled with very large, randomly generated asteroids similar to those from the mining magnet. Expect modest bounties of ore, the occasional angry drone, and some very strange, very weird asteroids that'll really leave you scratching your head. You access it by going off the edge of the debris field as described in that section; to go back, it's the same idea. For example, going off the right side of Mining Level will put you on the left side of the debris field, going off the north side will send you to the south side, and vice versa.
Bringing a cargo transporter is very much recommended in order to be able to bring all the loot you find back to the station.
The Trench
A supremely dark, elaborate, randomly-generated underwater cave system lurking underneath Oshan Laboratory. Unlike the Mining Level and Debris Field it "replaces", you enter it by going right into the middle of the station z-level rather wandering off the edges, by riding the Sea Elevator, piloting a minisub into the deep hole, or just walking straight into it (which is surprisingly survivable).
Not much of a station presence besides a tiny, pitch black outpost for the Sea Elevator, but there's plenty of reason to be here. Miners explore these caves for ore, Engineers come here to boost the power of their hotspots, and there's something for everyone if you know where to look. If you tread carefully, you might find some truly tremendous treasures, and, if you're lucky, incredible secrets--and their incredibly tremendous guardians.
Restricted space
This z-level contains areas that are only accessible under certain circumstances, such as the Adventure Zones, VR, and Centcom, where the emergency shuttle eventually ends up. Each area is enclosed in its own portion of the z-level, completely separated from its neighbors.
Entering and exiting this z-level by "normal" means is not possible.